Matrices in Python
A matrix is a two-dimensional data structure in which numbers are organized in rows and columns. For example:
$$ A= \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 5 \\ 9 & 8 & -1 \\ 10 & 12 & 2 \end{pmatrix} $$
This matrix is a 3x3 matrix because it has 3 rows and 3 columns.
Matrices in Python
Python has no built-in type for matrices. However, we can treat a list list as a matrix. For example:
Example 1 :
M = [[3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2]]
Nested list
Let's see how to work with a nested list.
Example 1 :
M = [ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ] print("M =", M) print("M[1] =", M[1]) # 2nd row print("M[1][2] =", M[1][2]) # 3rd element in the second row print("A[0][-1] =", M[0][-1]) # last element in first row col3 = []; # empty list for ligne in M: col3.append(ligne[2]) # add the third element print("col3 : ",col3)
M[1] = [9, 8, -1]
M[1][2] = -1
A[0][-1] = 5
col3 : [5, -1, 2
Add two matrices
The sum of two matrices of size (m, n), \((A_ {i, j}) \) and \((B_ {i, j}) \) denoted \(A + B\) is again a matrix \ ((C_ {i, j})\) of size (m, n), obtained by adding the corresponding elements: \(\forall i,j\) : \(c_ {i, j} = a_ {i, j} + b_ {i, j}\)
Method 1 :
A = [ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ] B = [ [8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32] ] n=len(A) # number of rows m=len(A[0]) # nnumber of columns C = [[0 for i in range(m)] for i in range(n)] # initialize a matrix with the same size as A # for each row for i in range(n): # for each column for j in range(m): C[i][j]= A[i][j] + B[i][j] print("A : ", A) print("B : ", B) print("A + B : ", C)
B : [[8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32]]
A + B : [[11, 0, 13], [11, 9, 2], [28, 14, 34]]
In this program, we used nested for loops to cycle through each row and each column. At each point, we add the corresponding elements in the two matrices and store them in C.
Method 2 :
A = [ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ] B = [ [8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32] ] n=len(A) # number of rows m=len(A[0]) # number of columns C = [[A[i][j] + B[i][j] for j in range(m)] for i in range(n)] print("A : ", A) print("B : ", B) print("A + B : ", C)
B : [[8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32]]
A + B : [[11, 0, 13], [11, 9, 2], [28, 14, 34]]
Transpose of a matrix
In mathematics, the matrix transposed from a matrix A of size (m, n) is a matrix denoted \(A^t\) of size (n, m), obtained by exchanging the rows and columns of A.
If we denote B the transposed matrix of A, we have \(b_ {i, j} =a_ {j, i}\)
Method 1 :
A = [ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ] n=len(A) # number of rows m=len(A[0]) # number of columns C = [[0 for i in range(m)] for i in range(n)] # initialize a matrix with the same size as A # for each row for i in range(n): # for each column for j in range(m): C[j][i]= A[i][j] print("A : ", A) print("transpose of A is : ", C)
transpose of A is : [[3, 9, 10], [1, 8, 12], [5, -1, 2]]
Method 2 :
A = [ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ] B = [ [8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32] ] n=len(A) # number of rows m=len(A[0]) # number of columns C = [[A[j][i] for j in range(n)] for i in range(m)] print("A : ", A) print("transpose of A is : ", C)
transpose of A is : [[3, 9, 10], [1, 8, 12], [5, -1, 2]]
Multiply two matrices
Two matrices can only be multiplied if the number of columns in the first matrix is the same as the number of rows in the second matrix.
If \(A = (a_ {i, j})\) is a matrix of size (m, n), and \(B = (b_ {i, j})\) is a matrix of size (n, p), then their product, noted \(AB = (c_ {i, j}) \) is a matrix of size (m, p) defined by:
$$ \forall i,j : c_{i,j}=\sum_{k=1}^{n} a_{ik}*b_{kj} $$
A = [ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ] B = [ [8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32] ] n=len(A) # number of rows in A m=len(B[0]) # number of columns in B p=len(B) # number of rows in B C = [[0 for i in range(m)] for i in range(n)] # matrix of m cols and n rows # for each row in A for i in range(n): # for each cols in B for j in range(m): # each row of B for k in range(p): C[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j] print("A : ", A) print("B : ", B) print("A * B : ", C)
B : [[8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32]]
A * B : [[116, 8, 187], [70, -3, 64], [140, 6, 180]]
Using nested lists as a matrix works for simple calculation tasks. However, there is a better way to work with matrices in Python using the NumPy library.
NumPy Arrays
NumPy is a package for scientific computing that supports a powerful N-dimensional array object. Before you can use NumPy, you need to install it.
NumPy provides a multidimensional array of numbers (which is actually an object). Let's take an example:
Example 1 :
import numpy as np a = np.array([1, 2, 3]) print(a) print(type(a))
<c lass 'numpy.ndarray'>
As you can see, the array class of NumPy is called ndarray.
How to create a NumPy array?
There are several ways to create NumPy arrays.
Array of integers, reals and complex numbers
Example 2 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]]) # array of integers print("A : " , A) B = np.array([[1.1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]]) # array of reals print("B : ", B) C = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]], dtype = complex) # array of complex numbers print("C : ", C)
Array of zeros and ones
Example 3 :
import numpy as np A = np.zeros( (2, 3) ) # array of zeros print("A : " , A) B = np.ones( (4, 2) )# array of ones print("B : ", B)
Use arange() and shape()
Example 4 :
import numpy as np A = np.arange(6) print("A : " , A) B = A.reshape(2, 6) print("B : ", B)
Use linspace(): linspace() will create arrays with a specified number of elements and spaced equally between the specified start and end values. For example:
Example 5 :
import numpy as np A=np.linspace(1., 4., 6) print("A : ", A)
Matrix operations
Above, we have given you 3 examples: adding two matrices, multiplying two matrices and transposing a matrix. We used nested lists to write these programs. Let's see how we can do the same task using the NumPy array.
Addition of two matrices
We use the operator + to add the corresponding elements of two NumPy matrices.
Example 1 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ]) B = np.array([ [8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32] ]) C= A + B print("A : ", A) print("B : ", B) print("A + B : ", C)
B : [[8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32]]
A + B : [[11, 0, 13], [11, 9, 2], [28, 14, 34]]
Multiply two matrices
To multiply two matrices, we use the dot() method.
import numpy as np A = np.array([ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ]) B = np.array([ [8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32] ]) C = A.dot(B) print("A : ", A) print("B : ", B) print("A * B : ", C)
B : [[8, -1, 8], [2, 1, 3], [18, 2, 32]]
A * B : [[116, 8, 187], [70, -3, 64], [140, 6, 180]]
import numpy as np A = np.array([ [3, 1, 5], [10, 12, 2] ]) C = A*2 print("A : ", A) print("A * 2 : ", C)
Transpose of a matrix
We use the transpose() method to calculate the transpose of a matrix.
import numpy as np A = np.array([ [3, 1, 5], [9, 8, -1], [10, 12, 2] ]) C = A.transpose() print("A : ", A) print("Transposé de A : ", C)
Access to the elements of the matrix, the rows, and the columns
Access to the elements of the matrix
As with lists, we can access the elements of the matrix using the index. Let's start with a one-dimensional NumPy array.
Example 1 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) print("A[0] =", A[0]) # 1st element print("A[2] =", A[2]) # 3rd element print("A[-1] =", A[-1]) # last element
A[2] = 6
A[-1] = 10
Now let's see how to access the elements of a two-dimensional array (matrix).
Example 1 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([[1, 4, 5, 12], [-5, 8, 9, 0], [-6, 7, 11, 19]]) # 1st element of 1st row print("A[0][0] =", A[0][0]) # 3rd element of 2nd row print("A[1][2] =", A[1][2]) # last element of last row print("A[-1][-1] =", A[-1][-1])
A[1][2] = 9
A[-1][-1] = 19
Access to the rows of a matrix
Example 1 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([ [1, 4, 5, 12], [-5, 8, 9, 0], [-6, 7, 11, 19] ]) print("A[0] =", A[0]) # 1st row print("A[2] =", A[2]) # 3rd row print("A[-1] =", A[-1]) # last row
A[2] = [-6 7 11 19]
A[-1] = [-6 7 11 19]
Access to the columns of a matrix
Example 1 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([ [1, 4, 5, 12], [-5, 8, 9, 0], [-6, 7, 11, 19] ]) print("A[:,0] =",A[:,0]) # 1st column print("A[:,2] =", A[:,2]) # 3rd column print("A[:,-1] =", A[:,-1]) # last column
A[:,2] = [ 5 9 11]
A[:,-1] = [12 0 19]
Splitting a matrix
Splitting a one-dimensional NumPy array is similar to a list.
Example 1 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 7, 5]) # 3rd to 5th element print("A[2:5] : ", A[2:5]) # 1st to 4th element print("A[:-5] : ", A[:-5]) # 6th to last element included print("A[5:] : ", A[5:]) # the whole matrix print("A[:] : ", A[:]) # reverse a list print("A[::-1] : ", A[::-1])
A[:-5] : [1 3]
A[5:] : [7 5]
A[:] : [1 3 5 7 9 7 5]
A[::-1] : [5 7 9 7 5 3 1]
Now let's see how to split a matrix.
Example 1 :
import numpy as np A = np.array([[1, 4, 5, 12, 14], [-5, 8, 9, 0, 17],[-6, 7, 11, 19, 21]]) print("A[:2, :4] : ", A[:2, :4]) # first two rows and four columns print("A[:1,] : ", A[:1,]) # first row, all columns print("A[:,2] : ", A[:,2]) # all rows, the second column print("A[:, 2:5] : ", A[:, 2:5]) # all rows, third to fifth column
A[:1,] : [[ 1 4 5 12 14]]
A[:,2] : [ 5 9 11]
A[:, 2:5] : [[ 5 12 14][ 9 0 17] [11 19 21]]
As you can see, using NumPy (instead of nested lists) makes it much easier to work with matrices
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